SCARED SHITLESS Professor Ramos Blog

Terrified SHITLESS Envision being in an outside nation, it’s coming down, you are cold, you don't have the smallest thought of where you are at, and individuals are shouting at you in a language you don't comprehend. This is the means by which my first day in Germany went. It was September of 2018, I was eighteen years of age when my grandmother had taken me to Munich, Germany for my secondary school graduation blessing. My grandmother and I had quite recently dropped our stuff off at our lodging and needed to stroll around for a piece. We had taken the tram from close to our inn to the focal point of town. We got off of the train and advanced toward the surface. At the point when we got to the surface, it was one of the most lovely things I have ever observed. I could hear my grandmother state, â€Å"Oh my God.†, under her inhale as she gazed upward in shock. There was a colossal excellent church with gold sculptures on top of it. There were additionally sculptures of rulers that used to lead and knights on ponies. There were blossoms everywhere throughout the congregation also that were sprouting with lively shades of pink and blue. In the wake of looking at the congregation, we strolled around Marienplatz, which is the middle center point of Munich, simply getting the vibe for where we would remain at for the following fourteen days. It was around thirty five degrees out and there was a storm of downpour. My grandmother and I had no clue about where we were going, however we were simply taking the path of least resistance. We had seen a lot of awesome spots until we made an off-base turn. We turned right in the focal point of an enormous Syrian dissent that was going on. We attempted to rapidly advance out of a potential heartbreaking circumstance by moving along the outside of the group. Individuals were waving around Syrian banners while there were others with amplifiers reciting phrases in Arabic while the group recited along. We could see police on the opposite finish of the square with revolt gear on conveying sub automatic weapons attempting to control the group, however it was not working. The group was getting much angrier. As we were quickly strolling through the group, there were men shouting at my grandmother and I had no clue about why. It’s storming heavily, we were cold, we were frightened, we had no clue about where we are at and there are individuals shouting at us in Arabic and German. What an incredible method to celebrate. As my grandmother and I were presently advancing out of the group when we at last detected a natural sight. It was the metro burrow we had come out of when we originally showed up. We currently had a thought of where we were at and made a beeline for the tram. I had seen my shoe was unfastened, so we halted so I could tie it. That is the point at which we saw 3 cops strolling our direction. I didn't consider anything it since we had done nothing incorrectly. I rapidly tied my shoe and we went to the metro. Before we strolled down the steps prompting the train, we pivoted and hoped to check whether they were all the while following right behind us and sufficiently sure, there they were. As we advanced down the steps, my grandmother murmured to me, â€Å"What should we do?† We concocted two alternatives: pivot and converse with them or simply continue onward and check whether they even stop us. Obviously without giving it much thought, we decided to continue onward and maintain a strategic distance from a circumstance that probably won't occur. As we were made a beeline for the train, similarly as we suspected we were free, we could see considerably more men with Syrian banners getting off of the train. Some of them were shouting and reciting and harrassing individuals that passed by them or even basically took a gander at them. We thought back once more and the police were as yet behind us. In that exact instant, I was happy they were. I realized they would secure us if something somehow managed to transpire or anybody close to us. One of the protestors wound up getting in a fight with a German man, so the cops that were tailing us, presently needed to mediat e in the circumstance. We despite everything have no clue about why they were tailing us for such a long time. Our train had at long last shown up. As we jumped on the train, one more pair of cops jumped on simultaneously. Once more, we didn't consider anything it since we have still yet to do anything incorrectly or to try and stand out enough to be noticed. My grandmother and I found a few spots to sit at in the back corner of the train. We just stayed there, quiet, cold and our garments dousing wet. We both gazed toward one another simultaneously and she cried as I giggled. We both had altogether different responses to stress and dread. Similarly as our feelings and adrenaline were settled, a similar cops that jumped on the train with us were currently gazing at us strolling our direction. Everything I could believe was, â€Å"Oh great.† They came up to my grandmother and I and were attempting to converse with us. Obviously we were unable to comprehend them since we don't communicate in German. â€Å"Do you communicate in English?†, we continued rehashing. It was obvious they didn't on the grounds that they simply continued raising their voices at us to where they were shouting at us. For the second time inside two hours, we were getting hollered at in an unknown dialect. At long last a decent youngster stepped in that spoke both English and German. She went to us and tranquilly stated, â€Å"They need to see your train tickets.† So we hauled our tickets out and gave them over. The cops checked our tickets, gave them back and afterward left. I don’t realize how the youngster was so quiet in such a frenzied circumstance, yet I’m thankful she was. We at last made it to our stop and strolled back to our inn. We made a beeline for the bar in the hall. As my grandmother and I had taken a seat at the bar and got our well past due beverages, my grandmother went to me and stated, â€Å"What a screwing day†, and continued to take a taste of her beverage. This was the most astounding thing that had happened the entire day to me since I have never heard my grandmother utilize profane language in my entire life. The extremely following day, we went on a voyage through the city, who could’ve thought about who our guide was. It was a similar youngster that helped us on the train. We wound up having a brilliant excursion and we didn't let the experience dishearten us from having a ton of fun.

Christopher Pennington Essays (270 words) - Tort Law,

Christopher Pennington Lawful 225 (MWF 11:00-11:50) 2/1/17 Chatper 1 Case Question 1; P. 18 You be the Judge Section 1 Case Question 1 In the event that a common case was brought to the court in regards to Bob burglarizing Vince's home, the state may indict Bob exclusively of the wrongdoing. Vince can likewise document a common claim with respect to suing Bob for carelessness and for annihilating his assets, looking for cash. In this occasion criminal and common law are consolidated. On the off chance that a criminal case was brought to the court in regards to Bob burglarizing Vince's home, it would be arraigned by the administration who pays a head prosecutor to carry it to the courts. A criminal case is exclusively in the legislatures hands and not Vince's. In a criminal case if the jury was to accept that Bob was blameworthy of burglarizing Vince's home, he would be dependent upon a discipline of a jail sentence, fine, or both. Whenever fined the cash goes to the state, not the restricting party. P. 18 You be the Judge I accept that the Plaintiff Soldano isn't legitimate with respect to recording a common suit against the respondent, the proprietor at the Circle Inn. I state this on the grounds that the battle didn't break out on the Circle Inn's property, the property likewise happens to be private. This keeps the offended party separate from favor on the grounds that the battle was not held there and the barkeep from the Circle Inn was working in his private zone, which gave him no available risk to anything occurring over the road. I would by and by decide in favor for the offended party against the respondent's contention.

Forming Plural Nouns in Italian

Shaping Plural Nouns in Italian At the point when you have only one bottiglia di vinoâ (bottle of wine), particularly from one of the some family-run vineyards in Tuscany, you’re doing quite well. Be that as it may, on the off chance that you have severalâ bottiglie di vino (containers of wine), youre improving. Figuring out how to talk familiar Italian necessitates that you comprehend the distinction among particular and plural things. Transforming solitary things into plurals in Italian is more troublesome than in English. Become familiar with the standards, however, and soon youll have the option to turn oneâ bottigliaâ into two or moreâ bottiglieâ with ease. Making Plural Nouns in Italian In Italian sentence structure, things mustâ agree in sexual orientation (manly or female) yet in addition in number (particular and plural). To frame the plural of Italian things, vowel endings change to show an adjustment in number. For normal manly things that end in - o, for instance, the consummation ordinarily changes to - I in the plural: Particular Plural English (Plural) fratello fratelli siblings libro libri books nonno nonni grandparents ragazzo ragazzi young men vino vini wines Plural Feminine Nouns Ending in - A As noticed, the closure of plural things needs to change to agreeâ in sex. Ordinary female things that end in - a for the most part take anâ -e finishing off with the plural: Particular Plural English (Plural) sorella sorelle sisters casa case houses penna penne pens pizza pizze pizzas ragazza ragazze young ladies Plural Nouns Ending in - E Plural things that end inâ -eâ (feminine or manly) by and large end in - I in the plural structure. Solitary Plural English (Plural) bicchiere bicchieri wine glasses chiave chiavi keys fiume fiumi streams frase frasi sentences padre padri fathers Expressions of Foreign Origin While framing plural of things finishing in a consonant, for example, expressions of outside cause, just the article changes, as in these models, where the particular is recorded on the left along with the English interpretation and the plural is imprinted on the right: Il film (the film) I film (the films)La photograph (the photograph) le photograph (the photos)Il bar (the bar) I bar (the bars) Special cases Its likewise essential to know the special cases while framing plural things, including: Female things finishing off with - ea change to - ee in the plural. For instance: dea/dee (goddess/goddesses).Words that end with a grave emphasize, such asâ la citt, (the city),â change just the last letter of the article, making the plural of this word,â le citt (the cities).Feminine things finishing off with - ca change to - che in the plural, as inâ amica/amiche (companion/companions). For things finishing off with - e,â the plural structures end in - I  regardless of whether they are manly or ladylike. Moreover, a few things have all the earmarks of being ladylike (finishing off with - a)â but are really manly, as in these models: Il poeta I poeti/writer poetsIl poema I poemi/sonnet poemsIl problema I problemi/issue problemsIl tema I temi/theme topicsIl braccio le braccia/arm armsIl dito le dita/finger fingersIl labbro le labbra/lip lipsIl ginocchio le ginocchia/knee kneesIl lenzuolo le lenzuola/sheet sheetsIl muro I muri/divider dividers The dividers would be le muraâ if you are discussing structures, especially chronicled structures.

Timeless Business Charts Essay Example For Students

Ageless Business Charts Essay Except if we take a shot at pattern or control graphs dont speak to time, rather we work to introduce for the most part the volume or results in our outlines without giving time scale to it. No outcome can be created without time and time consistently pushes forward and never returns. Numerous a period its onto standard practice for us to append or give subtleties of timeframe of information alongside any diagram, and we require some trough with presence of mind to pose the inquiry, which timespan it speaks to and what is the pattern in this timespan. In the event that we take a gander at any yield in outline, its essential to ask the time it consumed,it speaks to in a graph. We will compose a custom paper on Timeless Business Charts explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now An otter method of speaking to is, each graph will have time edge to it (just in pattern/control diagrams and a few or with course of events). Today we miss time as a pointer in our diagrams, and every so often individuals speak to time in Chart title. Why its so significant? Its critical to comprehend the development of vitality in a space alongside time space, to settle on a choice which is pertinent to the closest course of events. It causes us to comprehend the regular variety (time space) of result and the present condition/most recent timespan of information. Our choices are to made for past, they are for future and so as to guarantee, its essential to comprehend that are we taking a gander at something which is closer, if not how much old the information in time space, would eve be able to depend on, everything these are conceivable just with comprehension of time space. For instance, we take an IT organizations income in most recent half year and its introduced to the top managerial staff and they are approached to comprehend, which innovation they are solid as far as income making Revenue Share 2013 ERP ; prophet ERP SAP ERP _ people groups CRM Package Java Fortran Income Share Contributors 300,000 250,000 82,29 72. 45 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 49. 19 90. 34 93. 92 96. 60 98. 75 100. 00 70 50 30 Individual Percentage From this they comprehend that Java and ERP Oracle is the significant income contributing innovations in the time Of Par - ?Seep 13. As the per the second graph unmistakably 72. 45 total level of income comes just from these 2 innovations. Anyway any astute man, might want to ask the moderator, where is the lucidity in time stamp and how the income development as for time space. On the off chance that we kick at them little intently, by parting the information by Par-June and July - Seep, what we see is down beneath diagrams, Time Period shrewd Revenue Share Revenue in S (Par-June) Revenue in S (July-Seep) Revenue in Par-June 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 100 80 60 40 In the period Par-June again Java and Oracle contributed Revenue in S (Par-Jell) Revenue in July-Seep 90 Revenue in S OLL-Seep) In the Period July Seep, we have an unexpected that SAP is in top alongside Java. Correspondingly generally speaking income is additionally diminished in the subsequent period. Henceforth by taking a gander at the main pie outline and total graph (custom Praetor) if the Board of executives takes a choice, will it speak to the closest course of events?! Would we be able to take a choice which genuinely speaks to our present condition? The example case which we have examined here is of half year and for the money related information it is essentially fine to have month to month information. Be that as it may, in different cases, where the information is jog process or from individuals and there isn't greatly expected relationship exist between time space and information, we disregard the time space and which is risky tort our understanding, Technically today we dont have an answer for speak to Timescale as a hub or in a multidimensional to clarify alongside information (which are moderate and effectively agents in single graph, as each diagram has diverse reason and we need extra outline to speak to time now and again). .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .postImageUrl , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:hover , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:visited , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:active { border:0!important; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:active , .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3772 1a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u37721a790c7cd09840581385b176f94d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King, Jr. was conceived around early afternoon Tuesday, EssayIts a decent practice to build extra time diagrams, anyway when you dont avian to introduce every one of them to your administration and mess the introduction, in any event its critical to put a timescale to an outline, which is an update for the crowd f the graph to think in the point of view of Time. Time Bar is something extremely straightforward, which eve can add to our any of the outline to convey, what precisely the timeframe we are discussing, the beneath given one is standard one, Which can be handily redone and added to your pie graph, Bar diagrams, and so forth. Where time isn't one of the significant pivot) Add this bar to murmur existing diagrams, the base scale speaks to 1 to 60 tallies (most reduced unit for a considerable length of time) and on the top the scale has Seconds to Decade. You can read a clock Value by moving the triangular bars to particular units and worth. From the given example Time Value bar graph we can comprehend that the bar states half year information. So for our situation, we would alter it to peruse in the accompanying manner, What have we changed? Not a lot! In any case, we guaranteed the peruser of the outline is completely mindful of the Time Space and can request that think comprehend the time space and your information. This Time Value AR ought to be utilized in the vast majority of the condition to guarantee we as a whole regard time and take choice which is identified with our closest time and we dont miss time from our Charts.

Global Warming Solutions Essay Example

An unnatural weather change Solutions Paper An unnatural weather change Solutions Global warming is the idea that has all options to be respected a risky marvel. It is particularly valid for the planet that is being presented to the an unnatural weather change. Mankind adds to a worldwide temperature alteration. Under such conditions the mankind should consider the potential arrangements. (Cisco P. , 2005, p. 43) The Earth is known to be locked in into a drawn out shifting cycle. The humankind is liable for the negatives impacts Of the an Earth-wide temperature boost. Under such conditions, we should search for the potential arrangements of the Whole case. A similar thought has been once communicated by Scientist Richard Somerville who was occupied with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The researcher accepts that there is an exit from the issue. An entire thing is useful in decreasing the emanation of CA (Carbon Dioxide) into the air. One of the potential ways to deal with the entire issue is catching of the CA After the gas is transmitted it ought to be sequestered, The other activity is to decrease human reliance on non-renewable energy sources. This thing can be viewed as conceivable answer for a dangerous atmospheric devation, The measures run from easy to the complex. We will compose a custom paper test on Global Warming Solutions explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Global Warming Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Global Warming Solutions explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The most generally talked about arrangements include extended utilization of elective vitality advances. These are described why a lesser dependence on non-renewable energy sources, (Cisco P. , 2006, p. 48) Greenhouse gases are discharged into the climate because of the expanded vitality utilization, The vitality was acquired by driving and utilizing power and through different exercises. These exercises are utilized to help the personal satisfaction including such angles as developing food and raising domesticated animals. Ozone depleting substance emanations are the things that can be limited through basic guarantee These remember the way toward changing lights for the house. The entire thing can improve your vehicles mileage as well as expand your tires. State and neighborhood governments and organizations are additionally known to assume a significant job in meeting the national objective of decreasing ozone harming substance force. The exploration demonstrates that the power has been diminished by 18 percent by 2012. The goal is reached by people groups support in a wide scope of EPA and Other government willful projects. Rundown. Atmosphere Policy The United States government is known to have set up a far reaching rationale that is presented to address the environmental change issues. This arrangement is being included the accompanying three fundamental segments: Slowing the development of discharges Strengthening science, innovation and organizations Enhancing global collaboration (The Big Heat: How Capitalism is Cooking the Earth) To actualize its atmosphere approach, the Federal government needs to utilize a significant large scope of deliberate and incentivebased programs. These are utilized with the intend to decrease outflows, Also, the projects are presented to advance atmosphere innovation and science. The entire methodology is known to consolidate know-how from numerous government offices.

Hot Dogs

Hot Dogs Ive always been a big eater. Part of this may be because my dad is not only a fire fighter but also because he used to be a cook. For those of you who are out of the loop, fire fighters cook enough food for an army, and when theyre on shift thats fine. When a fire fighter cooks for an army but only has to feed a family, the boy has to eat it all. Thatd be me, Im the boy, and Im used to eating massive amounts of food. Before Matt, Ben, and I gave our presentation last week we went for lunch at a place called Spikes Junkyard Dogs. While there I noticed a contest that challenged patrons to eat as many hot dogs as possible. Being the typical MIT student with a huge ego I say to Matt and Ben Psh, I can do that, look! The record is only 14, and you get an hour and a half to do it, how is that even hard!? Matt and Ben were skeptic. I was not. The e-mail went out Saturday: So Spikes Junkyard Dogs (http://www.spikesjunkyarddogs.com/index.html) has this neat little contest wherein whoever can eat the most hot dogs in 1.5 hours gets their picture on the wall, a t-shirt, free hot dogs, and all sorts of other fame and admiration. The current record is only 14 dogs. As some of you may know, Im pretty much a garbage disposal for food, so I thought Id give it a try. Im planning on heading over tomorrow at about 3 pm and Id appreciate a cheering section. I cant make any guarantees as to whether Ill be able to eat 15 dogs or not, but Ill certainly end up making myself sick and eat a ridiculous amount of food. Anybody interested, lets meet in the 23 at 3ish. Youre welcome to try to break the record with me! I planned my dinner and breakfast food amounts accordingly and went for a jog in order to make myself hungry. A group of us headed out at 3 and laughed joyously at the thought of what was to come. We got there and I strode up to the counter, slapped down a $50 bill and said Im going to eat 15 hot dogs. The cashier took the money and said Do you know the rules? As many hot dogs as possible, an hour and a half, no bathroom and no throwing up. I nodded and was ready to eat. We all sat down at the table and chatted happily, waiting for our hot dogs to arrive. Zach LaBry 08 decided to try and eat as many as possible as well, so it became a nice little contest between the two of us. Heres our group before our food had arrived, Zach is the one in the middle. The hot dogs began to arrive. Michelle 11 got hers first followed by Zach Bailey 08 (we had more than one Zach in our party, so Zach Bailey actually told the guy at the register his name was Jim). and then Zach LaBry Jordan got hers next and then I started to get mine. I scarfed the first two dogs like they were nothing. By the third one I wasnt really hungry anymore. I could still eat, it just wasnt pleasant. Why such an early sign of defeat? The buns on the hot dogs were actually baguettes. Seriously, they took a loaf of bread, cut it in half, and made it a hot dog bun. It dries out your mouth so much! Being the engineer I am, I decided to try and find an easier way to consume bread. Perhaps if I dunk it in water!? Lets see, now that its all moist Ill just take a bite and then BLECH! Ok, dunking in water maybe wasnt the best idea. At all. Bread turns into this nasty, aloe-like gel-consistency when soaked in water. Its not appetizing. Good thing they gave me a bucket. As I begin fighting my way through my fourth hot dog Zach is on number 5. It is at this point we realize that Zach is a beast and I suck at eating hot dogs. This is what our table looked like about midway through the eating: Notice how I stare at Zach in awe as he scarfs down dog number 7. I am just beginning number 5. Zachs having a great time, Im angry at meat. This is me halfway through dog 5. After an hour and a half I had eaten 5 dogs and Zach had eaten 9. I realized that although I may like to eat a lot of food, my metabolism doesnt, and baguettes suck. Zach, for eating more than 6 hot dogs, got his picture on the wall and a t-shirt. I got nothing :( Thats ok though, because I had a really fun time, am uber impressed by Zach, and I got to eat a lot of tasty hot dogs. Michelle stole one though. Before we left, full and content, I gave my hot dogs one last stare down and then threw them away. Its just too much hot dog for one person. So, a challenge to all you pre-frosh during CPW, lets get together and go to Spikes, I want to see you all eat over 6 hot dogs. Ill try to get funding, but bring some money along in case I cant. Its about $2.50 a dog, its a good time!

An Exploration of Symbolism in the Works of J.M. Synge and W.B. Yeats Perspectives Across Theater and Verse - Literature Essay Samples

Writing from the late 1880s to the dawn of modern Ireland in the first two decades of the 20th century, Yeats and Synge penned their works during a period of national liminality; or what critic Seamus Deane refers to as â€Å"the long process of its [Ireland’s] transformation from a British colony into a modern, independent state†[i]. The literature of both writers is reflective of this transitional context, and is exhibited in how they draw from past tradition to forge a distinct literary identity. This can be explored in their use of symbolism, as both rely on myth and folklore – often Irish in origin – to portray a country in the process of reclaiming its own voice and autonomy. Nevertheless, what brand of nationalism this technique is used for is occluded by the contradictory nature of their works, not in the least because Synge’s depiction of Irish peasantry in his plays were seen by nationalist groups to perpetuate stereotypes, and Yeats in hi s poems appears to prioritise the flourishing of the arts above that of the good of the masses. Moreover, the way in which they deploy shared symbols differs; the former uses his linguistic knowledge of Irish – a skill Yeats never mastered in attempt to fuse together Gaelic tradition with the predominant English language. In contrast, the latter blurs dreamscape with landscape, challenging naturalism through appealing to almost Berkeleyan framework to justify the mystical through literature that reflects not an objective, but a mind-dependent reality. Both Yeats and Synge use symbols that are often plucked from Irish folklore to create narratives that borrow from the traditions of realism and the fantastic, yet paradoxically both writers claimed their works to be realistic presentations of Ireland. The language of Synge’s The Shadow of the Glen is saturated with – at times obscure symbols, such as in the Tramp’s advice to Nora: â€Å"maybe if you’d a piece of grey thread as a sharp needle – there’s safety in a needle†. The use of the needle for protection from â€Å"evil spirits† originates in the wisdom of an old man Synge encountered in the Aran islands[ii], a specificity that is indicative of a determination to represent the peasant psyche. Indeed, Synge’s inspiration for the play came from overhearing servant girls in the kitchen of his boarding house, stating in his diary that astute representation and observance is the â€Å"matter, I think, that is of importan ce, for in countries where the imagination of the people, and the language they use, is rich and living, it is possible for a writer to be rich and copious in his words, and at the same time to give the reality, which is the root of all poetry, in a comprehensive and natural form.†[iii] Thus, despite the fact his language indulges in the mystical, Synge asserts that his works are accurate representations of Ireland itself; a country that he sees as inextricably tied to the â€Å"imagination of the people†. Yet not all the symbols within the play are this esoteric, for example the Tramp himself acts as an anonymous personification of Synge’s simultaneously wild yet idealised Irish landscape. This is most evident in his final piece of dialogue: â€Å"come along with me now, lady of the house, and it’s not my blather you’ll be hearing only, but you’ll be hearing the herons crying out over the black lakes†. The Tramp manages to beautify the depths of the â€Å"black lakes† through appealing to the autonomy it provides in comparison to the constraints of domesticity of Nora’s life with Pat: â€Å"you’ll not be sitting up on a wet ditch the way you’re sitting in this place†. The critique of Irish domestic life through the symbol of a personified, exotic Ireland in the form of the Tramp, provoked reactionary responses from contemporary nationalists, famously Arthur Griffith who stated â€Å"Mr. Synge-or else his play has n o meaning-places Norah [sic] Burke before us as a type-a personification of an average-and Norah Burke is a lie. It is not by staging a lie that we can serve Ireland or exalt art†[iv]. The representation of Nora can be directly contrasted to that of Yeat’s ‘Cathleen ni Houlihan’ whose is the female, symbolic peasant embodiment of the heroism of Ireland yet is also desexualised as she proclaims, â€Å"with all the lovers that brought me their love, I never set down the bed for any†. In contrast female sexuality is at the heart of Synge’s controversy, also shown in The Playboy of the Western World whereby the female peasants lust after the Christy despite his supposed patricide. Much of the backlash against Synge derived from how he questioned, in his use of symbolism, constraints put on upon a movement that had to consistently show, in the words of Lady Gregory, W. B. Yeats, and Edward Martyn, â€Å"that Ireland is not the home of buffoonery a nd easy sentiment, as it has been represented, but the home of an ancient idealism†[v]. Nevertheless, akin to Synge, Yeats also gives voice to the â€Å"imagination of the people† in his play Countess Kathleen, as Teig cries out in the very first scene â€Å"they’ve the shape and colour of horned owls. And I’m half certain they’ve a human face†. Yet these views are not simply expressed as representations of the peasant psyche, rather the folklore of the play becomes the basis of the narrative, reflective of Yeats’ own interest in spiritualism. With the arrival of the merchants, the fairy element becomes a part of the reality of the diegesis; despite their supernatural nature the merchants are presented as being just as material or objectively real as any other character in the play. Thus, the symbols within the play are not simply representational, but in this instance, they are literalised. This is a fact that is explicitly addressed when the first merchant states: â€Å"Its strange that she should think we cast no shadow, For there is nothing on the ridge of the world Thats more substantial than the merchants are That buy and sell you†. The â€Å"substantial† nature of these beings is emphasised in how they are material enough – or at least as material as any other object to cast â€Å"shadow†. Their reality may seem at odds with the otherwise naturalistic presentation of the lives of peasants afflicted with famine; as the piece displays in the words of critic Michael McAteer â€Å"the kind of seriousness characteristic of Ibsen, concealed within the frivolity of its fairy motif†[vi]. This presents a duality that cannot solely be justified through appeal to a supposed Irish imagination, as one must also refer to Yeats’ own interest in occultism – a facet of his life that has been well documented by critics. Yeats himself claimed, following his disillusionment with Victorian neo-religion, â€Å"I made myself a new religion†. The framework from which he constructs his â€Å"religion† can be explored in the poem ‘To Ireland in the Coming Times’, in w hich Ireland is personified in the female form of â€Å"the red-rose-bordered hem / Of her†. Through its literalised symbols (â€Å"elemental beings go / about the table two and fro†), Yeats fuses the physical and the spiritual. Likewise, the subjective and the objective are also conflated as in the line â€Å"from our birthday, until we die / Is but the winking of an eye†, with the implication being that our reality and life consists of mind dependent perception – the closed or â€Å"winking† eye representing the death of this reality. This theme is echoed in the â€Å"lidless eye† of ‘Upon a House Shaken by the Land Agitation’, here the unblinking eye of the eagle – ultimate perception is under threat of artistic annihilation at the hands of reduced income rents prompted in part by a growing nationalist influence in governmental policy. While the former poem saw Yeats wishing to place himself amongst the nationalist ic ons of â€Å"David, Mangan, Ferguson†, in the latter he places artistic blossoming – which he sees as intrinsically tied to the maintenance the aristocratic house (â€Å"where passion and precision have been one / Time out of mind†) – above nationalist, or at least populist, sympathies. Moreover, the dread of artistic stagnancy is further expressed in The Fascination of What’s Difficult whereby the symbol of Pegasus is used to represent Yeats poetic impotence – with the rhyme pattern itself undermined by the use of enjambment, especially when contrasted to strict line by line rhyme scheme of ‘To Ireland in Coming Times’. The later poem lacks fulfilment, or any structural or narrative climax, except in the tongue in cheek aspiration that he (Yeats) will â€Å"find the stable and pull out the bolt† and allow his artistic desires to rein free once more. Regardless of ideological variances between his earlier and later works, Yeats uses symbolism in his poems to focus on the value of poetry and art itself, as Seamus Deane argues in Celtic Revivals, â€Å"Irish literature tends to dwell on the medium in which it is written because it is difficult not to be self-conscious about a language which has become simultaneously native and foreign†[vii]. The importance of establishing identity through language is something that Synge showed particular fascination in, and unlike Yeats, he spent much time studying and mastering the Irish language, stating in his diary â€Å"American lack of literary sense [Is] due to the absence in America of any mother tongue with a tradition for the whole population†[viii]. Synge hoped to instill â€Å"literary sense† through appealing to the luxury of having an old linguistic tradition. Indeed, as Declan Kiberd argues â€Å"He [Synge] saw that he could never hope to return to the other si de – that an attempt to re-impose Irish would lead only to another barren century for literature – but he resolved to fill the rift by uniting the divided traditions†[ix]. Synge operated in a paradox of being beloved by those who had little knowledge or interest in the Irish language, and being treated with disdain by many of those who knew it. Yet irrespective of his critical reception, the way in which he fuses his knowledge of both English and Irish has an enduring effect on his symbolism. For example, Kiberd notes the striking similarities between the ‘Chanson de la malmarià ©e’ from Dantà ¡ Grà ¡, which narrates the story of a woman whose husband â€Å"is hard and dour; he batters her. He fails to meet her sexual needs. She strikes out against the marriage †¦ she would love her husband to die – she would make off with a young lover†[x], and The Shadow of the Glen. Both plotlines closely resemble one another with the â€Å" gà ©aga fuara† (cold limbs) of the chanson mirrored in the Nora’s description of Dan as â€Å"cold every day that I knew him†. Not only is symbolism contained within the play, but following this analysis the play itself can be seen as symbol for the old Irish tale. As Kiberd concludes: â€Å"Each of his plays and poems represents a fusion, in a single work, of both traditions and an attempt by the power of his imagination to make them one†[xi]. To extend upon this point, the symbolism inherent within this tradition, in conjunction with an understanding of Irish literary heritage, allows Synge to forge a distinctly Irish identity in the face of a â€Å"simultaneously native and foreign† English lexicon. While Synge attempts a lexical fusion of Irish and English, Yeats opts for a fusion of the mystical and material hand in hand with the subjective and objective. In his review of Maeterlink’s essay on mysticism, Yeats proclaimed â€Å"we are in the midst of a great revolution of thought, which is touching literature and speculation alike; an insurrection against everything which assumes that the external and the material are the only fixed things, the only standards of reality†[xii]. Yeats fluid assessment of reality one in which the physical and spiritual coincide has been compared by some critics to the philosophy of George Berkeley, a proponent of idealism whose principle â€Å"esse is percipi† revolved around the idea the denial of a mind-independent reality. Yeats himself references Berkeley in 1929 poem ‘Blood and the Moon’: And God-appointed Berkeley that proved all things a dream, That this pragmatical, preposterous pig of a world, its farrow that so solid seem, Must vanish on the instant if the mind but change its theme.[1] Thus, if we are to take the position that Yeats conforms to the tenants of idealism, then his claim that fantastical dreamscape can provide knowledge of our reality is justified. Within Berkeley’s conception of reality, all perception, both veridical and that of dreams, are in essence mind dependent. This justifies his realistic presentation of the merchants, elemental beings, and ‘fairies’ that engulf his writing – spiritualism and materialism cannot be distinguished from one another. Another crucial facet to Berkeley’s philosophy, is how it avoids the pitfalls of solipsism through appeal to the omniscient mind of God in keeping all ideas, those of oneself and others, in existence. The need for structure within a philosophy that’s conception of reality revolves around subjective experience resembles the search for structure within Yeats’s literature, such as ‘To Ireland in Coming Times’, where liminality is reflected exter nally in the growing power of Irish nationalism and during a period Yeats himself believed exhibited a â€Å"great revolution of thought†. The symbol of the â€Å"red-rose-bordered hem†, itself being the part of the dress that provides structure around its edges, can be seen as an attempt to form structure through poetry, within a period of liminality. Both writers appear to use symbolism in an attempt to bind together binaries. In the representation of peasant folklore Synge uses symbols in an attempt to accurately represent what he sees as a nation bound in the â€Å"imagination of the people†. Nevertheless, his symbolic use of the peasantry conflicted with many contemporary nationalists who saw his treatment of their characters as immoral and not in line with the framework established by other writers including Yeats. Due to this critical backlash, much of his valuable linguistic advances have been overlooked until Kiberd’s rightful reappraisal of his ability to accurately combine symbolism derived from Irish with an English lexicon. While Yeats was also committed to portraying the imaginations of the peasantry, his use of symbolism is also deeply entrenched in his own fascination with the supernatural and the occult. While he exhibits conflicting views on nationalism in part because of a prioritisation of the value of the arts and poetry, his symbolism can also be viewed as an expression of a conception of reality that isn’t strictly realist, in part due to its appreciation of the fantastical. Indeed, one could even interpret Yeats work by appealing to a Berkeleyan idealism as a justification for his blurring of the material and the spiritual. Crucially then, it is clear that both writers strive for a fusion of dualities; for Synge, this manifests itself in a linguistic fusion of English and Irish tradition, while in Yeats this follows the fusion of the material with the spiritual. This attempt at some form of unity can be seen as a necessary for the literature of a nation attempting to forge its own unified national identity, with the works mentioned precluding events such as the victory of Sinn Fein in the 1914 election. Endnotes and References: [i] Deane, Seamus. Celtic revivals: Essays in modern Irish literature 1880-1980. Faber Faber, 1985. [ii] Synge, John Millington. Playboy of the Western World and Other Plays. Oxford University Press, 1998. [iii] Ibid [iv] Williams, Raymond. Drama from Ibsen to Brecht. Random House, 2013. [v] Pilkington, Lionel. Theatre and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. [vi] McAteer, Michael. Yeats and European Drama. Cambridge University Press, 2010. [vii] Deane, Seamus. Celtic revivals: Essays in modern Irish literature 1880-1980. Faber Faber, 1985. [viii] Synge, John Millington. The Aran Islands. Penguin UK, 1992. [ix] Kiberd, Declan. Synge and the Irish language. Springer, 1979. P42 [x] Ibid p47 [xi] Ibid p65 [xii] W. B. Yeats, â€Å"The Adoration Of The Magi† [1897], in G. J. Watson, ed., W. B. Yeats: Short Fiction Harmonsworth: Penguin 1995