Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Physiological Aspects of Snow essays
Physiological Aspects of Snow essays Descriptive and Behavioral Aspects of Snow Leopards The Snow Leopard is an endangered species, and lives among many other species in Asia. These leopards are medium sized cats and usually, males weight more than females. The average male weighs anywhere from 100-120 lbs.; whereas, the average female weighs 75-90 lbs. They do not belong to the same genus as larger cats because they lack the ability to roar. Leopards do not have the fibro-elastic tissues in the throat that allow other cats to make the low growl. It belongs to the Felidae Family, and its scientific name is Uncia uncia. The thick fur coat is grayish-white with traces of yellow in it, and the open-rosette (black circles that resemble roses) spots are dark gray to black colored. This lush fur allows the cat to appear larger than it actually is. The dense light colored coat protects the animal from the extreme conditions of the winter and the mild conditions of the summer. The fur around the paw acts as snowshoes during the winter, and it protects the leopards feet against hot sharp rocks in the summer. Snow leopards molt twice a year, but the summer coat differs little from the winter coat by density and length. The mountainous environment provides an ample amount of camouflage for this particular species. There are other adaptations that the snow leopard has. The most unique characteristic of the Snow Leopard is the long tail, which is used for balance up in the high altitudes. It can be 30-40 in. long, or in some cases, as long as the leopards body. It can also be used to as a scarf. The cat can wrap the tail around itself when it is sitting to add extra warmth. Other adaptations that the Snow Leopard utilizes for the cold are the enlarged nasal cavities, and long fur with wooly undergrowth. For the mountainous environment, the Snow Leopards have developed the better chest muscles than the average cat, long hind limbs, and a ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
Understanding Point of View in Literature
Understanding Point of View in Literature When you read a story, have you ever thought about who is telling it? That component of story-telling is called the point of view (often abbreviated as POV) of a book is the method and perspective an author uses for conveying the story. Writers use point of view as a way to connect with the reader, and there are various ways in which a point of view can impact the experience of the reader. Read on to learn more about this aspect of storytelling and how it can enhance the emotional impact of the narrative. First-Person POV A first-person point of view comes from the narrator of the story, which may be the writer or the main character. The storyline will use personal pronouns, like I and me, and can sometimes sound a little bit like reading a personal journal or listening to someone talk. The narrator witnesses events first hand and expresses how it looks and feels from his or her experience. The first-person point of view can also be more than one person and will use we when referencing the group. Check out this example from Huckleberry Finn - Toms most well now, and got his bullet around his neck on a watch-guard for a watch, and is always seeing what time it is, and so there aint nothing more to write about, and I am rotten glad of it, because if Id a knowed what a trouble it was to make a book I wouldnt a tackled it, and aint a-going to no more. Second Person POV A second person point of view is seldom used when it comes to novels, which makes sense if you think about it. In second person, the writer speaks directly to the reader. This would be awkward and confusing in that format! But, its popular in business writing, self-help articles and books, speeches, advertising and even song lyrics. If you are talking to someone about changing careers and giving advice for writing a resume, you might address the reader directly. In fact, this article is written in second person point of view. Check out the introductory sentence of this article, which addresses the reader: When you read a story, have you ever thought about who is telling it? Third Person POV The third person is the most common type of narration when it comes to novels. In this point of view, there is an external narrator who is telling the story. The narrator will use pronouns like he or she or even they if they are talking about a group. The omniscient narrator provides an insight to the thoughts, feelings, and impressions of all the characters and events, not just one. We receive information from an all-knowing vantage point- and we even know what’s going on when nobody is around to experience it. But the narrator can also provide a more objective or dramatic point of view, in which we are told events and allowed to react and have feelings as an observer. In this format, we are not provided the emotions, we experience emotions, based on the events we read about. While this may sound impersonal, it is just the opposite. This is much like observing a film or a play- and we know how powerful that can be! Which point of view is best? When determining which of the three points of view to use, its important to consider what type of story youre writing. If youre telling a story from a personal perspective, such as that of your main character or of your own perspective, youll want to use the first person. This is the most intimate type of writing, as it is quite personal. If what youre writing about is more informational and is providing the reader with information or instructions, then second-person is best. This is great for cookbooks, self-help books, and educational articles, like this one! If you want to tell a story from a broader point of view, knowing everything about everyone, then the third person is the way to go.  The importance of point of view A well-executed point of view is a crucial foundation for any piece of writing. Naturally, the point of view provides the context and backstory you need for the audience to understand the scene, and helps your audience best see your characters and interpret the material in the way you intend. But what some writers dont always realize, is that a solid point of view can actually help drive the crafting of the story. When you take narration and point of view into account, you can decide what details need to be included (an omniscient narrator knows everything, but a first-person narrator is limited to just those experiences) and can bring inspiration for creating drama and emotion. All of which are crucial to creating a quality creative work. Article edited by Stacy Jagodowski
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Healthcare organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Healthcare organization - Essay Example According to ISMP survey on non punitive culture, results of the prevailing environment are stunning. Awareness on system-based reasons of error is increasing. Organizations still need to tackle accountability of related staff in a non punitive culture. The survey points out the need to whole-heartily adopt the culture on all platforms, particularly front-line staff who may not be as conscious as doctors, nurses, and other Para-medical staff about the main principles of non-punitive culture. Deming’s Total Quality Management (TQM) principles hold the key to follow the processes that adhere to the principles of TQM. Non punitive culture necessarily points towards a paradigm change from individuals to processes; processes need to be foolproof so that there is no scope for any individual to commit errors. Here, it would be logical to quote the case analysis (Lagasse 1995) of quality of preoperative care by statistical process control and its adverse results. Out of 116 anesthetics errors, 9 were human errors and 107 were system errors. It definitely shows that the major deciding factor is the system, which should be robust enough to be measured. The big question arises – Is health care an ethical organization? Safety audits are held very often in health care organizations. Take for example the audits in neonatal unit (L Lee 2008). It is a must in clinical governance. It helps health care organizations to get high turnover and closing loopholes. Such audits help in better and efficient practice. Audit helps in maintaining standards as in the case of NHS. Regularity in conducting safety audits ensures that they are effective. It involves making of checklists for all known error-prone activities. Any of the checklist is selected and the process is followed to any point so that relevant staff performs an instant review of the ongoing work to the end number of the
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Employment law - Essay Example The main legal pointers to analyse include whether Tina qualified for protection as an employee and whether the dismissal was fair or not as well as the question of whether she experienced discrimination or not. Principles According to Section 1 (2) of the Employment Rights Act (ERA) (1996), a person categorised as an employee has rights and the termination of his appointment must come with some degree of sensitivity. Dismissals can only be carried out in cases where the employee is at fault in relation to some key legal indicators (Kelly, 1997). In a case where the employee's appointment is to be terminated because his or her contribution is not required, that situation must be categorised as a 'redundancy' (ERA 1996). Terminations require at least 1 week notice (Section 134 ERA, 1996). The basis for the termination must be reasonable (86, ERA, 1996). In the case of a redundancy, there must be some redundancy payments made to the affected employee (Section 135, ERA, 1996). The payme nt is required for people who have worked for at least 1 years for the same employer (Section 155, ERA, 1996). The formula for calculating redundancy payment varies for different people. For persons under the age of 21, redundancy payments should be half-a-week's wages for each year spent as an employee. For persons between 21 and 40 years it is a week's wage for each year spent as an employee with the company and for persons above age 40, it is one and a half week's wages for each year. The ceiling for this calculation is the minimum wage, which currently stands at ?430. The Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment Act (PLFT) of 2000 maintains the need for fair treatment for part time workers. Application In Ready Mixed Concrete V MSS it was identified that there is a distinction between 'contract of service' and 'contract for service'. The former suggests an individual is an employee whilst the latter implies the individuals is rendering his service as a self-employed individual or independent contractor. In doing this, the court ascertains whether an individual was in business on his own accord or not (Market Investigations V MSS 1969). Other pointers include the contractual provisions (BSM 1257 V Secretary of State), the degree of control exercised by the employer, the obligation of the employer to provide work, the obligation of the 'employee' to work and the opportunity for 'employee' to work for other employers. Also, the mutuality of the obligation between the two parties is vital. Tina has been a worker for Silkweave for the past 3 years. Although there is no formal employment contract between her and Silkweave, the company seem to have some degree of control over her activities (Global Plant Ltd V Secretary of State for Health & Social Security). The company seem to provide work for her and when she is unable to do it, she arranges for her sister to take over. This means that in practice, Silkweave has a contract of employment with her since she has b een solely responsible for the cleaning of Silkweave's premises. It is not likely that Tina provides the cleaning equipment and materials for the cleaning by herself. According to Carmichael V National Power PLC where the employee provides her own materials for the work, she is likely to be self-employed or an independent contractor. However in the case, of Tina, it seems she gets inputs from Silkweave and that makes her more of an employee than an independent co
Sunday, November 17, 2019
The Stroop Effect Essay Example for Free
The Stroop Effect Essay The aim of the study was to investigate the extent that automatic tasks have an effect on the speed of saying the words. It was assumed that participants will take significantly longer to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour because reading a word has become an automatic process. The method of this study used a repeated measures and matched pairs design and involved giving participants a selection of six lists; three inconsistent with colour and the word and three consistently worded. The sampling method was opportunity sampling taken from a sampling body of 16-19 year old students at Richmond Upon Thames College. Results were tested using the Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test; this showed that there is a significant difference in the mean time taken to say the inconsistent list in comparison to the consistent list. However, environmental factors such as the noise of the surroundings have not been taken into account adding a major limitation to this study. Introduction The topic area I am going to study is attention, looking more specifically into automatic processing. Automatic processing is a concept in the area of attention that states that some tasks can be processed without the awareness of the person and dont interfere with the ability to process other tasks, for example someone who can type and talk to someone at the same time. This person can type without thinking about it; it has become an automatic process. Schiffrin and Schneider (1977) pioneered research in this area. They found that automatic processes are inflexible and hard to change i. e. once they are learnt it is difficult to alter them. Norman and Schallice (1986) argue that automatic tasks are preformed through schemas (a way of organising and storing knowledge, creates a framework for future understanding) and that when an action is preformed the relevant schema has to be used and the other, similar schema controlled using contention scheduling to stop similar schemas being activated. An example of this is if someone goes into a kitchen to make tea then the other schemas relevant to the kitchen, for example a toast making schema must be controlled using contention scheduling. Norman and Schallice also identified a supervisory attentional system which is when someone is controlling themselves consciously to override an automatic process. An example of this is when someone usually leaves their house and turns left to go to college but due to an appointment they have to turn right. Stroop (1935) also conducted research into automatic processes. He gave participants two lists and asked them to say the name of the colour the words were printed in one list was colour words in the same colour and the second was colour words in a different colour. Stroop found that when the colour words were in different colours the participant would take longer to read the colour of the word this is because the automatic process of reading is completed faster then the controlled process of identifying the colour. This research is being conducted to identify if it applied to students as because they are studying they may be more aware of the colour or the tasks at hand they in a performance mode. Aim: To investigate the effects of two similar tasks i. e. reading different coloured words on the speed of saying the words. Hypothesis-directional: Participants will take significantly longer to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour. Hypothesis-null: There will be no difference in the time taken for participants to say colour words in a different colour to what the word is on a word list then when the colour word is in the same colour. Methods Design The research will be carried out in a repeated measures design; participants will be exposed to both the conditions, each variable will be tested on the participant three times. This design however, suffers from order effects; once a participant has finished one list they will be ready or rehearsed for the next ergo be better at the next list. With this in mind, this research will be counter balanced, for example if participant A reads list 1 first then participant B will read list 2 first and so on. To ensure more valid results the participant will receive three lists from the inconsistent condition and three lists from the consistent condition. Investigator effects will be avoided by creating a set of standardised instructions; this will ensure that the researchers do not treat each participant differently creating less demand characteristics. This research could be considered unethical as the participant doesnt know what they are doing but this will be dealt with by a debriefing; after the experiment the participant will be told what the experiment is for the lack of informed consent will only cause minimal psychological harm. The hypothesis will only be accepted if the results show a level of significance over 5%; this has been chosen to make the results more generalisable and to avoid anomalies.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Vinegar :: essays research papers
Who’s been cheating on the vinegar? Aim: To investigate if the vinegars have been diluted by working out their concentrations. Scientific Background: Vinegar is an acid and there fore can be neutralised by an alkali. Acid + Alkali à salt + water Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide à Sodium chloride + water Vinegar is a weak acid and therefore it only partially ionises in solution. CH3COOH ßà CH3COO- + H+ An alkali such as Sodium Hydroxide has a formula NaOH. If the alkali is strong then it ionises fully in solution. NaOH ßà Na+ + OH- When the acid H+ reacts with the alkali OH- the solution neutralises. Prediction: If the acid has been diluted there will be less H+ ions present in the volume used. Therefore to cancel the alkali more acid will be required. This is on the assumption that the alkali volume and concentration stay constant. Method:  ·Ã‚     Measure 10cm3 of 0.1m alkali into a measuring cylinder then place the solution into a 75cm3 conical flask.  ·Ã‚     Then add 2-3 drops of indicator to the alkali (it will go purple in colour)  ·Ã‚     Measure out 50 cm3 of the vinegar into a measuring cylinder and then place into a glass beaker.  ·Ã‚     Then using a dropper add the vinegar drop wise to the alkali until 1-drop changes the solution to colourless.  ·Ã‚     Replace the vinegar back into the measuring cylinder and record the volume of vinegar used.  ·Ã‚     Repeat this process twice more, recording results.  ·Ã‚     Then repeat the whole procedure for each different concentration of vinegar. Preliminary Work: Aim:- To find out which concentration of alkali will give accurate, measurable values. Concentration(M) Volume of acid(cm3) 0.1m 21.45cm3 0.5m 78.9cm3 0.75m 100+cm3 1.0m 100+cm3 2.0m 100+cm3 We decided from the results that the best measurable concentration of alkali would be the 0.1m concentrations. Investigation:      Test 1     Test 2     Test 3     Average Manufacturers’     10.27cm3     10.3cm3     9.73cm3     10.11cm3 Shop 1     10.3cm3     9.5cm3     10.25cm3     10.11cm3 Shop 2     18.4cm3     17.9cm3     18.4cm3     18.23cm3 Shop 3     40.1cm3     38.45cm3     35.7cm3     38.08cm3 Analysis: These results show that the vinegar from Shop 2 and Shop 3 have been significantly diluted with water or some other substance. The results obtained from shop1 show that its is very similar in concentration to the manufacturers’. Two of the results show that it is less concentrated than the manufacturers’, but one shows that it is more concentrated, this is impossible so its is most likely due to human error and not taking the readings properly. Concentrations: Manufacturers’= 1 ¸10.11 = 0.0989119683 Shop1 = 1 ¸10.11 = 0.0989119683 Shop2 = 1 ¸18.23 = 0.054854635 Shop3 = 1 ¸38.08 = 0.026260504 These results show an obvious difference in the concentration with the manufacturers’ being the most concentrated and shop 3’s being the least concentrated. Evaluation: The results from this experiment can be considered reasonably accurate we took the results quite accurately.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Knowledge Management Audit Report
The case study depicts the problems associated with a regency grand, a five-star hotel situated In Thailand. Initially the hotel was performing well under Thai General Manager; however since the takeover by a large American hotel chain, regency grand hotel was experiencing deteriorating circumstances regarding its business and reputation. Mr.. Becker was inducted as a new General Manger if Regency Grand Hotel. He was Interested in applying the concepts, methods, policies and procedures of hotel management which he earlier practiced successfully in the united States to the Regency Grand Hotel. Mr..Backer's success was mostly on acquisition were the operations were experiencing low morale and poor profitability. One of the major points In this case study Is the fact that Regency Grand Hotel was not experiencing low morale and poor profitability. In fact Regency Grand Hotel was one of the top performing hotels of Thailand were employee satisfaction was high. Mr.. Backer's expertise was in successfully implementing management strategies in a sinking organization rather than in an established and stable organization. Research has shown that the right employee should be hired at the right time. [r]One of the major issues as delineated in the case study is the implementation of same Human Resource Management Strategy in different countries. This Human Resource Management strategy by Becker comprised of introducing the concept of decentralization at Regency Grand Hotel. According to Becker, this strategy will yield enhanced employee motivation and overall Job satisfaction which will untimely lead to more profits. This strategy was successfully Implemented by Becker In his previous assignments. Becker was very confident of achieving positive results by Introducing this strategy immediately. One study shows that practice of Human ResourceManagement can vary across countries mainly because of adaptation of managerial practices and cultural idiosyncrasy [Snell and Dean, 1 992, Salk and Brannon, 2000]. Hefted argues that national cultures impact the attitudes and behaviors of employees (Hefted, 1980). This Is true in the case of Mr.. Becker. Since he came from United States and had been successfully practicing Human Resource Management with employees exhibiting us culture, he had a mindset reflecting us employee's behavior towards management practice. Furthermore, Mr.. Becker was of the impression that the same Human Resource Management could be practiced inThailand without realizing that there would be systematic differences that may have existed in Human Resource Management in different countries. Management by Objective Is the process of specifying objectives within an organization to ensure that the employees at the managerial level and non managerial level abide with the objectives set fourth so that they can fully understand what is required and what needs to be done within an organization. Studies have shown that productivity within an organiza tion increases if Management by Objective program is launched (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, 165).However, Becker Introduced the concept of decentralization but was not able to Implement It stressfully. Becker spent most AT Nils tale wilt ten operational level employees. This resulted in Backer's direct communication with the operational level employees which helped the employees better understand what Becker wanted and expected from them. However, the supervisor's empowerment role was minimized which resulted in poor performance. Scholars have written that mutually agreed objectives are set forth between employees.Becker implemented him decentralization plan after getting approval from several rather than all managers ND department heads. Most of the scholars agree that the Management by Objective is successful if it is implemented from top to down while ensuring complete participation [Rodgers, R. ; Hunter, J. E. 1991]. When power and control in shared in organization, the overall ef fectiveness increases. (Organelle et al. , 2007)The empowerment is used as management tool which empowers employees to practice innovative approach while working. Furthermore, empowerment is the power which is transferred from top level to bottom level [(Teach et d. 0 04).. Honed (1997) argued that empowerment should have higher degree of accessibility and accountability while having the freedom to act. This signifies that management in order to empower their employees, must ensure that the employees will be motivated and committed. This will help them achieve organizational goals while the chances of an employee to quit will significantly reduce. Employee empowerment has been defensiveness's ways, but K thaws et al. (2007), Money and Hankie (2006) and Honed (1997) agreed that the core element of empowerment involves giving employees §ion or latitude over certain task related activities.Smith and Mould, (1998) defined empowerment as a transfer of rower flow the employer to the e mployees to make quick and quality decision. Honed (1997) argued that empowerment is not only having the flooded to act, but also having higher degree of responsibility and accountability. This indicates that management must empower their me peoples so that they will be motivated committed satisfied and assist the organizations achieving objectives Mohammedanize employees intention to quit.Transferring power to the employees should be done with due diligence, at the same time employees to whom the power is transferred to, must be held accountable for their actions. Accountability will instill discipline in utilizing the scarce resources optimum for the benefit of the organization and other stakeholders. Therefore, employees should be empowered through, sharing information, autonomy in making decisions and improving their intellectual capacity.Welling et al (1991) similarly proposed that an organization that empowers their employees will be able to survive and grow in any environment . Mohammed and Prevail (1998) argued that empowerment is a state of mind and empowered employees mind experiences feelings of, (1) control over the Job to be performed, (2) awareness of the context in HCI the work is performed, (3) accountability for personal work output, (4) shared responsibility for unit and organizational performance and (5) equity in the rewards based on individual and collective performance.The Cognitive model of empowerment, defines empowerment on a broad term, which Includes ten console AT Provo&Eng employee Witt genuine Coo enrollment Ana opportunities to have their voice heard having real power for control and influence over work processes, which leads to employees to be confident in discharging their duties. This model further emphasizes that organizations have no options except to empower their employees for purpose of survival, growth and increase efficiency and being competitiveness.Further, the model of work team effectiveness postulated by Cohen et al . (1996) commented that employee empowerment should be the primary focus for any manager who tries to design effective self managing work teams in organization. Organelle et al. (2007) suggested that, like the concept of power, empowerment can be viewed in two ways. First, it can be viewed as a relational conduct – which me that managers should delegate power to the subordinates. Secondly, a motivational construct where employee empowerment is seen as a scheme to motivate employees in organization.Thus empowered employees feel motivated when they are given autonomy to make decision about their work or are involved in the planning process of Ethel organization. Therefore employee empowerment implies that power is granted to the employees or delegation of authority. Similarly, Procter et al (1999) suggested that for the use of the term empowerment of members to be meaningful, there must be a genuine shift in the locus of power away from the top management to the shop floor.Mele e (2004) argued that empowerment is a complex interactive process which involves the act of developing and increasing power to the subordinates. In addition they identified five core &mimeo which can enhance empowerment in organizations and these includes educating of employees, leading, mentoring, supporting and proving proper structures to enhance employee empowerment in organization. This clearly shows that empowerment is a multi-&monsoonal process which involves many systems of the organization and is an ongoing process. Lloyd fee al. 1999) asserted that, managers should act as coaches and help employees to solve problems. Managers should empower subordinates by delegating susceptibilities and assisting them when they have problems and thus employees will feel more satisfied with their managers and they will consider them to be fair and in return they will perform to their manager's expectations. Employees need to be assisted in the process of empowerment. Participative manageme nt, managers must empower their employees by allowing them to participate in decision m a h g process.For impatience the model of employee empowerment postulated by Mammal and Securest (1996) argued that employee empowerment has been expounders the concept of participative management. The model emphasized that empowerment to eke a strong foundation in organizations; managers should intrinsically motivate the behavior of their employees and must release some of their authority and responsibility to other levels of the organization. Honed (1997) equated employee empowerment as management-by-stress strategy that pushes people and systems to the breaking point by forcing workers to do more.Lack of employee empowerment in many organization is compeered as a major source of organizational stress and conflicts. Management to a certain degree will reduce stress among their employees by empowering them. Employee empowerment s a management practice, which all managers should take seriously in their organization, Decease It's tongue empowerment Tanat employees wall Improve organizational performance. Management needs to consider the following facts to ensure that empowerment in their organization is enhanced and nurtured.Empowerment through Job involvement, empowerment significantly enhances Job involvement Job satisfaction; career satisfaction and organizational commitment (Manorial and Hashing, 2006). This in the long MN will make employees feel that they are valued in their organization and create a higher degree of Job satisfaction and commitment. Thus employees are motivated by both extremis and intrinsic rewards such as autonomy in decision-making and challenging work.Leadership strategy, good leadership is critical for sustaining continuous improvement of employee empowerment in organization (Carson and King, 2005). Good leadership needs to be demonstrated at all levels of the organization. A good leader in an organization is intuitively able to tap into expressed thoughts of others, to give verbal expression to their feelings, able to delegate and empower employees. This would make vision created by management to be brought into pollution.Good leadership empires braininess, creates a vision to be followed by the organization employees and empowers employees through traffic and development. Hams (2004) argued that leadership is not only having innovative ideas, but also getting people to follow, not just in dragooned single file, but with pride, literature in their hearts and expectation. Employee endowment to be successful in organization there is need for godlessness to be in place at all levels of the organization.Empowerment to be successful in organization management should use empowerment for bottom-Line results. Klan and Rosen (1999) stated that there are four key increments for empowering program to succeed in organization, these are management must agree to support the program, inauguration warrants fanfare, must be offered for idea s generated and accepted essential for team leaders, program coordinators and evaluation committees to be in place to evaluate the progress of empowerment and advise the best way to enhance it in organizations.Therefore, empowerment is not a product of any structure or system, but it is a process, which is ongoing, dynamic and fluctuating. Translators and Murray (1996) stated that empowerment is getting workers to do what needs to be done rather than doing what they are told and involves delegation, individual responsibility, autonomous decision making and feelings of self-efficacy. Employee empowerment program to be successful in organization, management must put in place a structure in the system to support the whole process (Boggle and Smooch 2004).It is recommendable that empowerment process should take place in an environment where it's allowed, nurtured and promoted by management and employees. Management decision not communicated properly Options Regency Grand Hotel can rever t back to the earlier style of hotel management practiced by Thai General Manager. Under his belt, the Regency Grand Hotel was crowned as one of the most prestigious hotels of the region and the employees were enjoying Delve chocolates wilt n ten note.Nine star, wanly earlier let Decease AT Becker, could be contacted once again and given offer to rejoining Regency Grand Hotel. Management by Objective In Application of decentralization should be more concrete. Change of management style Make use of Configuration Management â€Å"organizational effectiveness is greatest when the information processing capacities of the structure fit the information-processing requirements of the work†Recommendations
Saturday, November 9, 2019
You Suck: A Love Story Chapter 7
Chapter Seven The List While Jody showered, Tommy made a list. Feed Laundry New Apartment Toothpaste Sweet Monkey Love Windex Dispose of Vampire Minion â€Å"What do we need an onion for?†Jody asked. She was having a little trouble getting her vision to focus. â€Å"Minion, minion,†Tommy said. â€Å"Mint-flavored onion? Why do we need that?†â€Å"A minion! Someone who can move around during the day who can help us out. Like I was for you.†â€Å"Oh, my bitch.†Tommy dropped his list. â€Å"Nuh-uh.†Jody picked it up and walked over to the kitchen counter where the coffee machine stood. â€Å"I would sell my soul for a big cup of joe.†â€Å"I was not your bitch,†Tommy said. â€Å"Right, right, right. Whatever. So how long do we have to do this list?†â€Å"I checked the almanac. Sunrise is at six fifty-three, so we have about twelve hours. It's almost the solstice, so we get a lot of darkness.†â€Å"Solstice? Oh my God, it's almost Christmas.†â€Å"So?†â€Å"Hello? Shopping?†â€Å"Hello? We have an excuse. We're dead.†â€Å"My mother doesn't know that. I have to find something for her that she'll disapprove of. And your family – â€Å" â€Å"Oh my God! Christmas. I was supposed to go home to Indiana for Christmas. We need to redo the list.†â€Å"You do it. I'm going to dry my hair,†Jody said. The new list read: Christmas Presents Call Home Feed Minion (not our Bitch) Hot Monkey Love Windex Write Literature Dispose of Creepy Old Vampire New Apartment Laundry Toothpaste â€Å"I think you should take monkey love off of the list,†Jody said. â€Å"What if we lose the list and someone finds it?†â€Å"Well I think ‘dispose of Creepy Old Vampire' would be a little more embarrassing, don't you?†â€Å"You're right, cut monkey love and change ‘vampire' to ‘Elijah. †Jody tapped the list with a pen. â€Å"And take off Windex and put in ‘buy coffee. â€Å" â€Å"We can't drink coffee.†â€Å"We can smell it. Tommy, I desperately need coffee. It's like the blood hunger, only, you know, more civilized.†â€Å"Speaking of blood hunger – â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, you'd better move that up the list.†â€Å"And add a bottle of whiskey. You're going to have to buy it.†â€Å"Sorry, writer boy, but we're doing this stupid list together.†â€Å"I'm not old enough to buy liquor.†Jody stepped away from him and shuddered. â€Å"That's right. Isn't it?†â€Å"Yep,†Tommy said, nodding – trying to look wide-eyed and innocent. â€Å"Well, okay then. I should have checked IDs before picking my bitch.†â€Å"Hey!†â€Å"Kidding. What are you going to do with a bottle of whiskey anyway?†â€Å"Check something else off the list,†Tommy said. â€Å"I have an idea. Get your purse.†â€Å"What did the Animals want, anyway?†â€Å"Twenty grand.†â€Å"I hope you told them to fuck themselves.†â€Å"They did that already.†â€Å"Did they suspect, you know, about what you are now?†â€Å"Not yet. Lash said I looked a little pale. I sent them to the store. If Clint knows, well – â€Å" â€Å"Oh, good move. Maybe we should just take out an ad. ‘Young vampire couple seeks angry village people to hunt them down and kill them. ; â€Å"Ha. Village people. Funny. Put self-tanning lotion on the list. I think the pale thing is giving me away.†At seven in the evening, three days before Christmas, Union Square was awash in shoppers. There was a Santa's Village set up in the raised square, with a line of children and parents that wound five hundred deep through a labyrinth of red velvet cattle gates. Around the square, the street performers, who would normally have knocked off around five, lined the granite steps up to the square. A juggler here, a sleight-of-hand guy there, a half-dozen â€Å"robots†– people painted silver and gold who would move in machine-jerk rhythm for the drop of a coin or a bill – and even a couple of human statues. Jody's favorite was a gold guy in a business suit, who stood motionless for hours on end, as if he'd been frozen in midstep on the way to work. There was a small hole in his briefcase into which people stuffed bills and dropped coins after photographing him or trying to make him flinch. â€Å"This guy used to freak me out,†Tommy whispered. â€Å"But now I can see him breathing and the aura thing.†â€Å"I watched him for a whole lunch hour one time and he never moved,†Jody said. â€Å"In the summer, you know he has to be suffering in that painted suit.†Suddenly she shuddered at the thought of Elijah, the old vampire, still encased in bronze back at the loft. Yes, he had killed her, technically, but in a way he'd just opened a door for her, a door that, no matter how bizarre, was immediate, vital, and passionate. And yes, he'd done it for his amusement, he'd said, but also because he was lonely. She wound her arm into Tommy's and kissed him on the cheek. â€Å"What was that for?†â€Å"Because you're here,†she said. â€Å"What's first on the list?†â€Å"Christmas presents.†â€Å"Skip down.†â€Å"Sweet monkey love.†â€Å"Yeah, we'll do it in the Santa's Workshop window at Macy's.†â€Å"Really?†â€Å"No, not really.†â€Å"Okay, then we need liquor.†Jody snatched the list out of his hand so quickly that most people wouldn't have even seen her move. â€Å"You are no longer in charge of the list. We're getting me a new leather jacket.†I AM HOMELESS AND SOMEONE SHAVED MY HUGE CAT. William had changed his sign. Chet the huge cat was still wearing Jody's sweater. He eyed the two vampires suspiciously as they approached. Tommy held the bottle of Johnny Walker out to William. â€Å"Merry Christmas.†William took the liquor and squirreled it away in his coat. â€Å"Most people just give money,†he said. â€Å"We're cutting out the middleman,†Jody said. â€Å"How are you feeling today?†â€Å"Great, why? Really good, you know, considering that I'm homeless and you guys shaved my cat.†â€Å"You were pretty hammered last night.†â€Å"Yeah, but I feel great today.†â€Å"That's how it used to affect me,†Tommy said. â€Å"Remember. Kind of energizing.†Jody waved Tommy away. â€Å"You didn't get light-headed or anything?†Jody asked. â€Å"I was a little hungover when I woke up, but I was fine after a couple of cups of coffee.†â€Å"Fuck!†Jody spat. Then she held her head. â€Å"Calm,†Tommy said, patting her shoulder. â€Å"Dr. Flood will make it all better. Maybe.†Jody growled, just loud enough for Tommy to hear. â€Å"Ya know,†said William, when there was a break in the pedestrian traffic and he didn't have to concentrate on looking pathetic, â€Å"I'm flush for cash, but since you're in the Christmas spirit, I'd still go for a look at Red's hooters.†â€Å"Bite me, dirtbag,†Jody said as she rolled up on William. â€Å"Honey.†Tommy caught the back of her newly purchased red leather jacket, just in case. They'd never know if his idea was going to work if Jody snapped the bum's neck. â€Å"I will not be sexually harassed by the entree.†â€Å"Something you ate isn't agreeing with you?†Tommy grinned at her when she looked back at him, but the fire went out of her eyes. â€Å"You can just cross sweet monkey love right off your list,†Jody said. â€Å"Jeez, what a bitch,†said William. â€Å"Her time of the month?†Tommy quickly wrapped his arms around Jody, lifted her off her feet, and carried her a few steps around the corner, even as she squirmed. â€Å"Let me go, I'm not going to hurt him.†â€Å"Good.†â€Å"Much.†â€Å"That's what I thought,†Tommy said, still holding her tight. â€Å"Why don't you head over to the Walgreens and I'll finish up with the huge cat guy?†A family of Christmas shoppers smiled as they passed them, thinking they were young lovers indulging in a public display of affection. The father whispered â€Å"Get a room†under his breath to his wife, which a normal person wouldn't have heard. â€Å"Count your lucky stars, buddy, we almost did it in the Santa's Workshop window. Hot, sweaty elf sex – in front of the kids. The kids would have liked that, huh?†The father hurried his family on down the street. â€Å"Nice,†Jody said. â€Å"Way to stay under the radar.†â€Å"Well, you know, I like to stay sharp,†Tommy said. Because he was nineteen and had only started having sex regularly since he met Jody, he still thought he had some sort of secret knowledge that was unavailable to other people. How can they possibly be thinking about anything else? he thought in the private part of his mind. â€Å"I'll bet it smells like peppermint,†Tommy said. â€Å"What?†â€Å"Elf sex.†â€Å"Would you please put me down.†â€Å"Okay, but don't hurt the huge cat guy.†â€Å"I'm fine. I'll meet you at the drugstore in five minutes. This had better work.†â€Å"Five minutes,†Tommy said. â€Å"Cinnamon. Maybe it smells like cinnamon.†The pale couple stalked the aisles of the Walgreens, having a great time dismissing the crass accoutrements of bourgeois American life, and generally scoffing at all the conventions of traditional culture. They were elite, after all. Special. Chosen – if you will – if only by the nature of their heightened sensitivities and superior sensibilities. They both claimed the ability to look past the faà §ade put on by most people, and see the very depths of the human soul. Strange, then, that they didn't see it coming when the skinny guy in a flannel shirt popped around the corner in front of them. â€Å"Let's ask these guys,†Flannel said. â€Å"They look like heroin addicts.†Jared White Wolf and Abby Normal backpedaled from the eyeliner display where they'd been looking for something hypoallergenic. Abby's eyes had been watering all night, causing her makeup to run and giving her more of a sad-clown-of-life look than she was going for. Jared hid behind Abby, just a little, which was awkward, since he was nearly a foot taller than she. The guy in flannel was joined by a beautiful, pale redhead, carrying an armload of toiletries. What amazing hair, Abby thought, looking at the long red tresses. I'd give anything for hair like that. â€Å"Tommy, leave these poor people alone,†said the redhead. â€Å"No, wait.†Flannel turned to Abby and smiled. â€Å"Do you guys know where they keep the syringes?†Abby looked at Jared, who looked at the guy in flannel. â€Å"Well, you can't just buy them,†Jared said. He was fiddling with the leather straps on his bondage pants, looking coy. Abby slapped his hand. â€Å"You need a prescription to buy syringes,†Abby said. â€Å"Do you really think I look like a heroin addict?†Jared threw his bangs out of his face dramatically. His head was shaved except for his bangs, which reached to his chin, specifically so he could throw them out of his face dramatically. â€Å"I was, like, thinking that maybe I should bulk up. You know, eat and stuff, but – â€Å" â€Å"Well, thanks,†said Flannel Shirt. The redhead moved off down the aisle. â€Å"I was going to try some heroin, but if you can't buy needles, well, there you go. See you guys. Nice shirt, by the way.†Abby looked down at her T-shirt, black, of course, with the image of a poet taken from a nineteenth-century etching. â€Å"Like you even know who it is.††‘She walks in beauty, like the night, †quoted the flannel-shirt guy. He winked at her, then grinned. â€Å"Byron's a hero of mine. See ya.†He turned and started to walk away. Abby reached out and snagged his sleeve. â€Å"Hey, there are needle exchange programs all over town. They're listed in the Bay Guardian.†â€Å"Thanks,†said flannel. He turned and Abby grabbed him again. â€Å"We're going to be at the Glas Kat. There's a Goth club tonight. Five-hundred block of Fourth Street. I know a dealer there. You know, for your heroin.†The flannel-shirt guy nodded, and looked at Byron's picture on her shirt again, then at her face. Fucksocks. He's so looking at my streaking eye makeup. â€Å"Thanks, milady,†said Flannel Shirt. And he was gone, off over the dark moors of the tampon aisle. â€Å"What was that about?†whined Jared. â€Å"He's so, so Happy Days.†Jared White Wolf spent a lot of time watching Nick at Nite when he wasn't brooding or fussing with his appearance. Abby walked into the flap of Jared's black duster and pounded his slight chest with her palms. â€Å"Didn't you see. Didn't you see?†â€Å"What, you acting like a complete ho?†â€Å"He had fangs,†Abby said. â€Å"Well, so do I,†Jared said, reaching into his pocket and pulling out a pair of perfect, dentistry-quality vampire fangs. â€Å"Duh, everybody does.†â€Å"Yeah, but his grew! I saw them. Let's go,†Abby said, pulling Jared White Wolf by his great bat-wing lapels. â€Å"I have to change into something hot before we go to the club.†â€Å"Wait, I want to get some Halls. My throat is raw from all the cloves we smoked last night.†â€Å"Hurry.†The buckles of Abby's black platform boots jangled as she dragged her friend past the lipsticks and hair products before he could get interested. â€Å"Okay,†said Jared, â€Å"but if I don't meet a cute guy tonight, you have to stay up all night and hold me while I cry.†â€Å"You should try black lipstick sometime,†Tommy said to Jody as they approached their building, their arms loaded with packages. He was still thinking about the kids at the drugstore. It was the first time since tenth grade that he'd used his knowledge of Romantic poetry. For a while he'd tried molding himself into the tragic Romantic hero, brooding and staring clench-jawed off into space as he composed dark verse in his head. But it turned out that trying to appear tragic in Incontinence, Indiana, was redundant, and his mother kept shouting at him and making him forget his rhymes. â€Å"Tommy, if you keep grinding your teeth like that, they'll wear away and you'll have to have dentures like Aunt Ester.†Tommy only wished his beard was as heavy as Aunt Ester's – then he could stare out over the moors while he stroked it pensively. â€Å"Yeah,†Jody said, â€Å"because I need to make it more obvious that I'm an undead creature that feeds on the blood of the living.†â€Å"You make it sound so sordid.†â€Å"No, I meant it in a nice way.†â€Å"Oh.†â€Å"Because it's not like people wouldn't understand if they found out we were vampires, because we slipped up and, oh, I don't know, UNSHEATHED OUR FANGS IN THE FUCKING DRUGSTORE!†Tommy almost dropped his packages. She hadn't said a word about that all night. He'd hoped she hadn't noticed. â€Å"It was an accident.†â€Å"You called that girl ‘milady. â€Å" â€Å"She was impressed with my Byron.†â€Å"Yeah, well, your Byron was probably sticking out a little, too, wasn't he?†â€Å"It wasn't like that.†â€Å"You drooled.†Jody paused at their security door and dug into her jacket for her key. Tommy stepped around her. â€Å"I'm still new at this. I think I'm doing pretty well. My ghastly pallor obviously impressed the lady at the needle exchange.†He reached into his bag and fanned out a handful of sterile-wrapped and capped syringes. â€Å"Congratulations, you can now pass as an HIV-positive heroin addict.†â€Å"Trs chic.†He grinned like he imagined a sexy Italian man-whore might. â€Å"Who drools in public,†Jody said. Damn, she's immune to my sexy Italian man-whore grin, Tommy thought. He said, â€Å"Be nice, I'm new. My lips don't fit together right when my fangs are out.†She turned the key and swung the door open. There, passed out on the landing, was William the huge cat guy and sleeping on his chest, Chet the huge cat. â€Å"I told you it would work,†Tommy said. Jody stepped into the stairwell and closed the door behind her. â€Å"You go first.†Fifteen minutes later, as he placed five syringes full of blood in their refrigerator, Tommy said, â€Å"This vampire thing is going to be great.†He'd had a moment when he'd bitten William – not just getting over the idea of being that close someone who smelled that nasty, but also being close to another man period. But after cleaning William's neck with an alcohol swab they'd gotten from the drugstore, and consoling himself that most literary vampires seemed sexually ambivalent anyway, the blood hunger pushed him through. He was feeling more relaxed, now that they had the food problem solved – for a while, anyway. If his friends didn't kill them in the next couple of days, he might even enjoy life as a vampire. Then he turned to Jody and frowned. â€Å"But I can't help but think that it may be wrong, taking advantage of a homeless alcoholic.†â€Å"We could just hunt and kill people,†Jody said cheerfully. She had a little crust of William's blood in the corner of her mouth. Tommy licked his thumb and wiped it away. â€Å"We did give him a nice sweater for his huge shaved cat,†Tommy said. â€Å"I loved that sweater,†Jody said. â€Å"And we are giving him a warm landing to sleep on,†she added, diving onto Tommy's rationalization dog pile. â€Å"And if we only take a little bit each day, he'll actually feel better. I know I did.†â€Å"And we won't become alcoholics ourselves.†â€Å"How are you feeling, by the way?†Tommy said. â€Å"Better. Hair of the dog. You?†â€Å"Two-beer buzz, max. I'll be fine. You want to try the experiment?†Jody checked her watch. â€Å"No time. We'll do it tomorrow night.†â€Å"Right. So, on to the list. Looks like hot monkey love.†â€Å"Tommy, we need to find a daytime person to help us. We have to move out of this place.†â€Å"I've been thinking about Alaska.†â€Å"Okay, good for you, but we still need to find a place to live where the Animals and Inspector Rivera can't find us.†â€Å"No, I'm thinking we should move to Alaska. For one thing, in the winter, it's dark for like twenty hours a day, so we'd have plenty of time. And I read somewhere that Eskimos put their old people out on the ice when they are ready to die. It would be like people were leaving snacks out for us.†â€Å"You're kidding.†â€Å"Eskimo Pies?†He grinned. Jody put her hand on her hip and looked at him, her mouth hanging open a little, as if she was waiting for something more. When it didn't come, she said, â€Å"Okay then, I'm going to change.†â€Å"Into a wolf?†â€Å"Clothes, cadaver breath.†â€Å"I didn't know. I thought maybe you'd learned.†Tommy thought Alaska was a great idea. Just because she was a few years older, she always acted like his ideas were stupid. â€Å"The thing with William worked,†he said defensively as he put away the supplies they'd bought at the drugstore. â€Å"That was a good idea,†Jody said from inside the closet. Now what? â€Å"Well, Alaska isn't a bad idea.†â€Å"Tommy, there's like nine people in all of Alaska. We'll stand out, don't you think?†â€Å"No, everyone is pale there. They don't have sun for most of the year.†She came out of the closet wearing her little black cocktail dress and her strappy come-fuck-me pumps. â€Å"I'm ready,†she said. â€Å"Wow,†Tommy said. He'd forgotten what they were talking about. â€Å"You think the Ferrari-red lipstick would be too much?†â€Å"No, I love the Ferrari-red lipstick on you.†Hot, sweet monkey love, he thought. This was exactly why he loved her. In the midst of all of the pressure, the danger, really – she still took time to think of his feelings. She lifted her breasts until they threatened to spill out of the plunging neckline of the dress. â€Å"Too much?†â€Å"Perfect,†Tommy said, walking toward her with his hands out. â€Å"Gimme.†She breezed past him into the bathroom. â€Å"Not for you. I need to get going.†â€Å"No, no, no,†Tommy said. â€Å"Hot monkey love.†While Tommy watched from the doorway, Jody applied the Ferrari-red lipstick, checked it, then frowned and wiped it off, then grabbed a different tube off the vanity. â€Å"When I get back.†â€Å"Where?†Tommy said. Sexual frustration had reduced him to single syllables. She turned to him with the new coat of maroon lipstick. â€Å"To get your minion.†â€Å"Not like that, you're not,†Tommy said. â€Å"This is how it works, Tommy. This is how I got you.†â€Å"Nuh-uh, you weren't wearing that when I met you.†â€Å"No, but the reason you pursued me is because you were interested in me sexually, wasn't it?†â€Å"Well, that's how it started, but it's more than that now.†And it was more, but that was no reason to leave him here all aroused and stuff. She walked over to him and put her arms around him. He let his hands slip inside the low back of her dress. His pants were getting tight and he could feel the pressure of his fangs coming out. â€Å"When I get back,†she said. â€Å"I promise. You're my guy, Tommy. I picked you as my guy, forever. I'm going to find someone to help us move and do things for us in the daytime.†â€Å"They're just going to want to bone you, and when you don't do them, they'll turn on you.†â€Å"Not necessarily.†â€Å"Of course they will. Look at you.†â€Å"I'll figure it out, okay. I don't know how else to go about it.†â€Å"We could put an ad on Craig's List.†(Craig's List was a classified Web site that had started in the Bay Area and was now the first place people checked for jobs, apartments, or nearly everything.) â€Å"We're not putting an ad on Craig's List. Look, Tommy, we have more things to do than we have time. You can clean the loft and go get the laundry done and I'll get us an onion.†â€Å"Minion,†he corrected. â€Å"Whatever. I love you,†she said. Bitch! He was vanquished. Unfair. â€Å"I love you, too.†â€Å"I'll take one of the disposable cell phones you bought. You can call me anytime.†â€Å"They're not even activated yet.†â€Å"Well, get on that, buddy. The sooner I get out there and find someone, the sooner I can get back here for some hot monkey love.†She has absolutely no sense of ethics, he thought. She's a monster. And yet, there she is, only a few dress straps from being naked. â€Å"Okay,†he said. â€Å"Don't step on the huge cat on the way out.†Jody had only been gone twenty minutes before Tommy decided that cleaning and laundry sucked and that he could find a minion as well as she could, even if he didn't look as hot in a little black dress. He was careful not to wake Chet and William on his way out.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Quotes From Napoleon Dynamite
Quotes From Napoleon Dynamite Quotes from Napoleon Dynamite have been hugely liked by many quotation lovers. If you do not follow the sense of humor, you need to watch the movie and then read these quotes. It is quite likely that you will not only find them stupid, but very likable. Deb Uncle Rico (Deb, while taking a picture of Uncle Rico) Deb: Okay, turn your head on more of a slant... (heads turn in a slant) Deb: Now, make a fist. Slowly ease it up underneath your chin. (three of them slowly put fists under their chins) Deb: This is looking really good. Kip: You can say that again. (Uncle Rico acknowledges) Deb: Kay, hold still right there. Now, just imagine youre weightless, in the middle of the ocean, surrounded by tiny little seahorses. (Uncle Rico looks at the camera) Deb: (takes the picture) That was one that I think is gonna come out really nice. Uncle Rico: Ah, how you did it... wow... well I felt really relaxed. Thanks, Deb. (Uncle Rico puts his fist down and swats a fly) Napoleon Dynamite Napoleon Dynamite:Â (drinks a glass of milk) The defect in that one is bleach. FFA Judge No. 1: Thats right. Napoleon Dynamite: Yes! Napoleon Dynamite: (drinks another glass of milk) This tastes like the cow got into an onion patch. FFA Judge No. 2: Correct! Napoleon Dynamite: Yes!!. Napoleon Dynamite Deb (Napoleon and Deb are dancing) Napoleon Dynamite: I like your sleeves. Theyre real big. Deb: Thank you. I made them myself. Napoleon Dynamite: So you and Pedro getting really serious now? Kip Kip:Â (singing while typing a poem) Your sandy hair floats in the air... To me its like a lullaby... Im just flying by... Oh so high... like a kite... tied to a skate... Uncle Rico Kip Uncle Rico: What about your girlfriend? Kip: Well, things are getting pretty serious right now. I mean, we chat online for like two hours every day so I guess you could say things are getting pretty serious. Napoleon Dynamite Napoleon Dynamite: You know, like nunchuck skills, bowhunting skills, computer hacking skills... Girls only want boyfriends who have great skills. Uncle Rico Kip Kip: So how long are we talking about working? Uncle Rico: What are you, already losing your steam? Kip: No, I just... I have a chat room meeting at 4. I gotta be back here by then. Uncle Rico: All right, you just start a little earlier, thats all. Or else work afterwards. How long is the chat room? Kip: Jeez, sometimes up to 3-4 hours maybe... Maybe not... Uncle Rico: You pay the bills for that? Does that cost money every time youre on, like for minutes on the phone? Kip: Yeah, grandmas still paying per minute. She gets kinda pissed at me sometimes cause Im on there so long. Uncle Rico: I bet she does. Ill tell you something, Id be throwing you out the window. Kip, Uncle Rico Napoleon Dynamite Kip: So whens grandma coming back? Uncle Rico: I dont know. Not sure. Napoleon Dynamite: You dont have to stay here with us, were not babies! Uncle Rico: Ha ha! Talk to your Auntie Carolyn. Napoleon Dynamite: Kip is like thirty-two years old. Kip: I dont mind if you stay.
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
Gram Stain Procedure in Microbiology
Gram Stain Procedure in Microbiology The Gram stain is a differential method of staining used to assign bacteria to one of two groups (gram-positive and gram-negative) based on the properties of their cell walls. It is also known as Gram staining or Grams method. The procedure is named for the person who developed the technique, Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. How the Gram Stain Works The procedure is based on the reaction between peptidoglycan in the cell walls of some bacteria. The Gram stain involves staining bacteria, fixing the color with a mordant, decolorizing the cells, and applying a counterstain. The primary stain (crystal violet) binds to peptidoglycan, coloring cells purple. Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, so initially, all bacteria stain violet.Grams iodine (iodine and potassium iodide) is applied as a mordant or fixative. Gram-positive cells form a crystal violet-iodine complex.Alcohol or acetone is used to decolorize the cells. Gram-negative bacteria have much less peptidoglycan in their cell walls, so this step essentially renders them colorless, while only some of the color is removed from gram-positive cells, which have more peptidoglycan (60-90% of the cell wall). The thick cell wall of gram-positive cells is dehydrated by the decolorizing step, causing them to shrink and trapping the stain-iodine complex inside.After the decolorizing step, a counterstain is applied (usually safranin, but sometimes fuchsine) to color the bacteria pink. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria pick up the pink stain, but it is no t visible over the darker purple of the gram-positive bacteria. If the staining procedure is performed correctly, gram-positive bacteria will be purple, while gram-negative bacteria will be pink. Purpose of the Gram Staining Technique The results of the Gram stain are viewed using light microscopy. Because the bacteria are colored, not only is their Gram stain group identified, but their shape, size, and clumping pattern may be observed. This makes the Gram stain a valuable diagnostic tool for a medical clinic or lab. While the stain may not definitely identify bacteria, often knowing whether they are gram-positive or gram-negative is sufficient for prescribing an effective antibiotic. Limitations of the Technique Some bacteria may be gram-variable or gram-indeterminate. However, even this information may be useful in narrowing down bacterial identity. The technique is most reliable when cultures are less than 24 hours old. While it can be used on broth cultures, its best to centrifuge them first. The primary limitation of the technique is that it yields erroneous results if mistakes are made in the technique. Practice and skill are needed to produce a reliable result. Also, an infectious agent may not be bacterial. Eukaryotic pathogens stain gram-negative. However, most eukaryotic cells except fungi (including yeast) fail to stick to the slide during the process. Gram Staining Procedure Materials Crystal violet (primary stain)Grams iodine (mordant, to fix crystal violet in the cell wall)Ethanol or Acetone (decolorizer)Safranin (secondary stain or counterstain)Water in a squirt bottle or dropper bottleMicroscope slidesCompound microscope Note its better to use distilled water than tap water, as pH differences in water sources may affect results. Steps Place a small drop of bacterial sample on a slide. Heat fix the bacteria to the slide by passing it through the flame of a Bunsen burner three times. Applying too much heat or for too long can melt the bacteria cell walls, distorting their shape and leading to an inaccurate result. If too little heat is applied, the bacteria will wash off the slide during staining.Use a dropper to apply the primary stain (crystal violet) to the slide and allow it to sit for 1 minute. Gently rinse the slide with water no longer than 5 seconds to remove excess stain. Rinsing too long can remove too much color, while not rinsing long enough may allow too much stain to remain on gram-negative cells.Use a dropper to apply Grams iodine to the slide to fix the crystal violet to the cell wall. Let it sit for 1 minute.Rinse the slide with alcohol or acetone about 3 seconds, followed immediately with a gentle rinse using water. The gram-negative cells will lose color, while the gram-positive cells will rema in violet or blue. However, if the decolorizer is left on too long, all cells will lose color! Apply the secondary stain, safranin, and allow it to sit for 1 minute. Gently rinse with water no longer than 5 seconds. The gram-negative cells should be stained red or pink, while the gram-positive cells will still appear purple or blue.View the slide using a compound microscope. A magnification of 500x to 1000x may be needed to distinguish cell shape and arrangement. Examples of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogens Not all bacteria identified by the Gram stain are associated with diseases, but a few important examples include: Gram-positive cocci (round) -Staphylococcus aureusGram-negative cocci - Neisseria meningitidisGram-positive bacilli (rods) - Bacillus anthracisGram-negative bacilli - Escherichia coli
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Zoology. Mitosis and biglight phases of embryological development Essay
Zoology. Mitosis and biglight phases of embryological development - Essay Example Mitosis is divided into these following phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Prophase is when the chromatin liquefies into a structure known as a chromosome, which allows the chromatin to become visible. Prometaphase is what happens when the nuclear envelope breaks itself into smaller fragments and then disappears entirely. Metaphase takes place when the chromosomes are situated in the center of the cell prior to splitting into the two daughter cell sets. Anaphase is when the chromosomes separate within the eukaryotic cell. The last phase, telophase, is when the stages and effects of prophase and prometaphase are reversed within the eukaryotic cell. Meiosis takes place when the chromosomes are split into halves, and is an essential part of sexual reproduction. Meiosis has many more complex stages then mitosis, as seen in the following: meiosis 1, prophase 1 (which consists of these further stages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis, and synchronous processes), metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, and meiosis II. In meiosis 1, the homologous chromosomes are separated into two haploid cells. During prophase 1, the pairs of homologous chromosomes recombine with other pairs. The following are the phases of prophase 1: leptotene - each separate chromosome condenses into long threads inside of the nucleus; zygotene - the thread-like chromosomes line up with each other;
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